Why do humans believe what they believe? Can morality be grounded in reason, or is it shaped by sentiment and habit? These timeless questions have haunted philosophy for centuries, and … Read more
We keep tripping over words—meaning, mind, rule, game—as if they were crystal-clear. They aren’t. Philosophical Investigations by Ludwig Wittgenstein shows, patiently and often playfully, how philosophical confusion arises when language … Read more
Are we saying anything at all when we argue about God, the soul, or “the Good”? A.J. Ayer’s Language Truth and Logic tries to solve that problem by drawing a … Read more
We all use reason to reach beyond experience: “What is time? What causes what? Is the world finite? Does freedom exist?” Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason solves the age-old conflict … Read more
If everything you trust—your senses, your memories, even mathematics—could be wrong, what could you still know for sure? Meditations on First Philosophy tackles that nightmare directly: by doubting everything, Descartes … Read more