We’re pulled by emotions, confused by conflicting beliefs, and uncertain about freedom. Ethics by Baruch Spinoza asks: What would life look like if we understood our place in nature clearly, … Read more
Are we saying anything at all when we argue about God, the soul, or “the Good”? A.J. Ayer’s Language Truth and Logic tries to solve that problem by drawing a … Read more
We all use reason to reach beyond experience: “What is time? What causes what? Is the world finite? Does freedom exist?” Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason solves the age-old conflict … Read more
If everything you trust—your senses, your memories, even mathematics—could be wrong, what could you still know for sure? Meditations on First Philosophy tackles that nightmare directly: by doubting everything, Descartes … Read more