We’re pulled by emotions, confused by conflicting beliefs, and uncertain about freedom. Ethics by Baruch Spinoza asks: What would life look like if we understood our place in nature clearly, … Read more
We keep tripping over words—meaning, mind, rule, game—as if they were crystal-clear. They aren’t. Philosophical Investigations by Ludwig Wittgenstein shows, patiently and often playfully, how philosophical confusion arises when language … Read more
Being and Time by Martin Heidegger is one of the most argued-about books in twentieth-century philosophy. If you’ve ever wondered why life can feel thrown, busy, distracted, or strangely inauthentic, … Read more
We all use reason to reach beyond experience: “What is time? What causes what? Is the world finite? Does freedom exist?” Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason solves the age-old conflict … Read more
If everything you trust—your senses, your memories, even mathematics—could be wrong, what could you still know for sure? Meditations on First Philosophy tackles that nightmare directly: by doubting everything, Descartes … Read more